Anosmia (conductive, sensorineural, and mixed)
Hyposmia
Hyperosmia
Olfactory hallucinations
Dysosmia: a- cacosmia: usual smells feels as bad b- heterosmia: challenging to distinguish between different smells
Infection
Inflammation: allergy, sarcoidosis
Sinus diseases: sinusitis, Wegener`s granulomatosis
Drugs: alpha-interferon
Toxic: alcohol, nicotine, aminoglycosides, zinc sulfate (through direct contact)
Degenerative nerve diseases: MS (multiple sclerosis), Parkinson`s disease
Peripheral nerve disorders
Syndrome/genetic: Kallmann syndrome, Turner syndrome, albinism
Nutritional: Vitamin A (Retinol) deficiency, zinc deficiency
Endocrine: hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, hypoadrenalism
Life style
Trauma: concussion (brain injury)
Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding)
Physiological aging
Iatrogenic: surgical complication, tracheostomy
Migraine
Meningitis (inflammation of brain-protective membrane)
Drugs: anti-depressive
Opticus neuritis (inflammation in optic nerve)
Optic nerve tumor: opticus glioma (in the patient with neurofibromatosis type I)
Anopsia or anopia (visual field defect)
Hemianopsia (hemianopia)
Genetic diseases: Leber`s disease
Concussion
Intracranial tumors: craniopharyngioma, prolactinoma
Metabolic disorders: vitamin B12 deficiency
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
Neurodegenerative disorders: multiple sclerosis (MS)
Inflammatory disorders: vasculitis
Malformations: septo-optic dysplasia
Psychogenic blindness/visual field defect
Diplopia (double vision)
Ptosis (upper eyelid drooping)
Mydriasis (dilatation of pupil)
Benedikt`s syndrome
Weber`s syndrome
Intracranial tumors (infratentorial/posterior fossa)
Severe vision loss (CVI, vitamin B12-deficiency, Leber`s disease)
Ear disorders (Meniere`s disease, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo)
Idiopathic nystagmus (usually benign)
Paraneoplastic (with a different type of cancer such as lung cancer)
Aponeurotic: secondary to local inflammation (by contact lense)
Neurogenic: Horners syndrome, parasympathetic dysfunction (cranial nerve III)
Muscular: myasthenia gravis, eyelid myokymia, focal muscular dystrophy/muscular dysgenesis
Trauma
Intracranial tumor
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Trochlear nerve paresis/palsy
Diplopia (double vision): vertical, torsional, oblique
Cerebral infarction
Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding)
Infection: borrelia, Herpes simplex
Multiple sclerosis
Aneurysm
Intracranial tumor
Trigeminal neuropathy: paresthesia (numbness), hypoesthesia, motor difficulties (weak suck)
Trigeminal neuralgia: chronic pain disorder in the face (trigeminal nerve dermatome)
Trigeminal neurinoma: concomitant with neurofibromatois type I
Frontal, maxillary and mandibular
Neurogenic pain: it may occur during shaving, brushing teeth, chewing, washing face, or exposure to the bright light or vibration
Sinusitis ( both as a differential diagnosis and etiology of TN)
Vascular malformations: aneurysm
Intracranial tumor: acoustic neuroma
Intracranial hemorrhage
Infection: neuroborreliosis, herpes infections, other bacterial or viral infections
Multiple sclerosis
Paraneoplastic syndrome
VNS (vagus nerve stimulation)
Idiopathic (unknown cause/etiology)
Treatment of the underlying cause
Pharmacological treatment by Carbamazepine, Baclofen, Gabapentin, Lamotrigine
Abducens paresis/palsy: peripheral, nuclear, and supranuclear lesions
Diplopia
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
Intracranial tumor
Intracranial hemorrhage
Cerebral infarction
Vascular malformation: aneurysm
Trauma
Complicated otitis
Inflammation/infection
Idiopathic (unknown cause/etiology)
Facial nerve paresis/palsy
Hemifacial spasm
Paralysis of different muscles in the face
Lack of taste
Decreased secretion in the nose and mouth
Decreased salivary secretion
Trauma
Infektion: herpes, Ramsay-Hunts syndrome (HZV-infektion), borrelia
Iatrogenic
Intracranila tumor: acoustic neuroma
Idiopathic (Bell`s palsy)
Moebius syndrome
Vestibular neuritis: dizziness, vertigo, headache, nausea, vomiting, balans difficulties
Acoustic neuroma: hearing loss, vertigo, balance difficulties (increased risk for acoustic neuroma in patients with neurofibromatosis type II)
Infection: bacterial or viral
Chronic otitis media
Glossopharyngeal nerve paresis/palsy
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Glossopharyngeal neuroma: increased risk for a glossfopharyngeal neuroma in patients with neurofibromatosis type I
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: paroxysmal pain in tonsils, middle ear, the back part of the tongue, soft palate, and pharynx
Glossopharyngeal neuroma: dysphagia, loss of taste in the back of the tongue, loss of feeling in the back of the pharynx
Most often, together with the involvement of cranial nerves, no. VIII and X
Trauma
Iatrogenic: surgical complication
Cerebral infarction: brain stem infarction
Moebius syndrome
Arnold-Chiari malformation
Vagus nerve pares/palsy
Dysphagia
Respiratory difficulties
Apnea (bilateral palsy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve)
Cardiac arrhythmia
Tumor: tumor in posterior fossa
Inflammation:
Infektion: difteri
Mediastinal tumor: thymoma, lymphoma
Iatrogenisk: surgical complication (cardiac surgery)
Cerebral infarction
Accessory nerve paresis/palsy
Sandifer`s syndrome (combination of torticollis and gastroesophageal reflux)
Collet-Sicard syndrome: Involves the lower cranial nerves (IX, X, XI, and XII)
Torticollis
Anterocollis
Laterocollis
Retrocollis
Trauma
Iatrogenic: lymph node biopsy, neck surgery
Tumor: tumor in posterior fossa and neck
Arnold-Chiari malformation
Syringobulbia (syrinx in the brain stem)
Cerebral infarction
Infection: poliomyelitis
Hypoglossal nerve pares/palsy:
Lingual atrophy (atrophy of the tongue)
Abnormal tongue movements
Tongue fasciculations
Tumor: Brain tumor in the posterior fossa
Arnold-Chiari malformation
Syringobulbia (syrinxes in the brain stem)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Cerebral infarction